• Meta-analyses reveal that noninvasive positive pressure ventilation decreases mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is useful in treating hypoxemia and decreases the work of breathing and may improve mortality in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Ancillary features that can be routinely visualized on an anteroposterior chest radiograph made with a portable x-ray machine may help differentiate cardiogenic from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. A widened vascular pedicle and an increase in the cardiothoracic ratio suggest increased pulmonary capillary pressure; distinct air bronchograms are more common with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

• Meta-analyses reveal that noninvasive positive pressure ventilation decreases mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is useful in treating hypoxemia and decreases the work of breathing and may improve mortality in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Ancillary features that can be routinely visualized on an anteroposterior chest radiograph made with a portable x-ray machine may help differentiate cardiogenic from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. A widened vascular pedicle and an increase in the cardiothoracic ratio suggest increased pulmonary capillary pressure; distinct air bronchograms are more common with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Updated Review

Annette Esper, MD, Greg S Martin, MD, MSc, FACP, Gerald W. Staton Jr, MD, FACP

• The Berlin definition (2011) is now used to define ARDS. Timing: new or worsening respiratory failure within 1 wk of known clinical insult. Chest imaging: bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules. Oxygenation parameters measured by PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio < 300, and PEEP or CPAP > 5.
• Recent epidemiologic studies reveal that outcomes for patients with ARDS are improving.
• Machine learning can be used to screen for ARDS using ventilator waveform data. It shows benefit in detecting moderate/severe ARDS without necessity of radiologic and ABG data.

Updated Review

Annette Esper, MD, Greg S Martin, MD, MSc, FACP, Gerald W. Staton Jr, MD, FACP

• The Berlin definition (2011) is now used to define ARDS. Timing: new or worsening respiratory failure within 1 wk of known clinical insult. Chest imaging: bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules. Oxygenation parameters measured by PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio < 300, and PEEP or CPAP > 5.
• Recent epidemiologic studies reveal that outcomes for patients with ARDS are improving.
• Machine learning can be used to screen for ARDS using ventilator waveform data. It shows benefit in detecting moderate/severe ARDS without necessity of radiologic and ABG data.

• Meta-analyses reveal that noninvasive positive pressure ventilation decreases mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is useful in treating hypoxemia and decreases the work of breathing and may improve mortality in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Ancillary features that can be routinely visualized on an anteroposterior chest radiograph made with a portable x-ray machine may help differentiate cardiogenic from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. A widened vascular pedicle and an increase in the cardiothoracic ratio suggest increased pulmonary capillary pressure; distinct air bronchograms are more common with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Updated Review

Annette Esper, MD, Greg S Martin, MD, MSc, FACP, Gerald W. Staton Jr, MD, FACP

• The Berlin definition (2011) is now used to define ARDS. Timing: new or worsening respiratory failure within 1 wk of known clinical insult. Chest imaging: bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules. Oxygenation parameters measured by PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio < 300, and PEEP or CPAP > 5.
• Recent epidemiologic studies reveal that outcomes for patients with ARDS are improving.
• Machine learning can be used to screen for ARDS using ventilator waveform data. It shows benefit in detecting moderate/severe ARDS without necessity of radiologic and ABG data.

• Expanded options for biomaterials used as implants have decreased donor site morbidity and operative time.
• High-resolution computed tomography (CT) permits greater detail than prior generations of CT.
• Three-dimensional imaging, computer-guided navigation, and mirror image overlay have improved surgical navigation and virtual surgical planning and allowed more accurate facial reconstruction.
• Endoscopy facilitates access to and repair of frontal sinus and orbital injuries.

• Chemoradiation therapy for epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal
• CT or MRI for preoperative evaluation of presacral tumors
• Distal presacral tumors (below S3) can be removed with a perineal approach, whereas proximal lesions are managed with an abdominal approach