Latest Updates

Fundamentals of Endovascular Surgery

    • Preprocedure patient evaluation and appropriate patient selection as well as guidelines for procedure set-up
    • Vascular access site selection and access technique based on anatomic location as well as troubleshooting with difficult access sites
    • Appropriate guide-wire and catheter selection as well as basic instructions in their use
    • Appropriate use of angioplasty balloons, stents, and guide sheaths
    • Vascular closure devices and postoperative care

Anorectal Disorders

Megan Fix, MD, Steven Glerum, MD
    • Abdominal radiographs to diagnose functional constipation in pediatric patients not indicated.
    • In unreliable pediatric patients, plain abdominal radiography may be useful.
    • PEG is recommended as first-line maintenance treatment for functional constipation.

Replantation

Christopher Crowe, MD
    • There have not been substantial changes in microsurgical technique in recent decades
    • Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a promising means of restoring form and function for those who have sustained unsalvageable amputations
    • Optimization of tissue storage continues to be a subject of study, allowing for better preservation of amputated parts prior to replantation

HIV and AIDS

Daniel R Kuritzkes, MD, FACP
    • The first HIV treatment breakthrough came in 1987, with the early termination of a clinical trial of zidovudine because of significantly ­decreased mortality in patients receiving the drug compared with patients receiving placebo. Unfortunately, in longer-term follow-up, therapeutic benefit diminished as a result of rapid development of HIV escape mutants that conferred resistance to zidovudine.
    • Fortunately, ART has fundamentally altered the grim prognosis for most HIV-infected patients and has transformed AIDS from a fatal disease to a treatable chronic one. Before the development of ART, the estimated median time from the appearance of an AIDS-defining condition to death was approximately 1.5 years. ART has extended this to 14 years—and even this figure may underestimate survival in patients using current drug regimens who strictly adhere to their treatment protocols.
    • Novel research pertaining to three cured patients treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation of CCR5Δ32/Δ32 donor cells resulting in lasting remission and viral elimination.

HIV and AIDS

Daniel R Kuritzkes, MD, FACP
    • The first HIV treatment breakthrough came in 1987, with the early termination of a clinical trial of zidovudine because of significantly ­decreased mortality in patients receiving the drug compared with patients receiving placebo. Unfortunately, in longer-term follow-up, therapeutic benefit diminished as a result of rapid development of HIV escape mutants that conferred resistance to zidovudine.
    • Fortunately, ART has fundamentally altered the grim prognosis for most HIV-infected patients and has transformed AIDS from a fatal disease to a treatable chronic one. Before the development of ART, the estimated median time from the appearance of an AIDS-defining condition to death was approximately 1.5 years. ART has extended this to 14 years—and even this figure may underestimate survival in patients using current drug regimens who strictly adhere to their treatment protocols.
    • Novel research pertaining to three cured patients treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation of CCR5Δ32/Δ32 donor cells resulting in lasting remission and viral elimination.

HIV and AIDS

Daniel R Kuritzkes, MD, FACP
    • The first HIV treatment breakthrough came in 1987, with the early termination of a clinical trial of zidovudine because of significantly ­decreased mortality in patients receiving the drug compared with patients receiving placebo. Unfortunately, in longer-term follow-up, therapeutic benefit diminished as a result of rapid development of HIV escape mutants that conferred resistance to zidovudine.
    • Fortunately, ART has fundamentally altered the grim prognosis for most HIV-infected patients and has transformed AIDS from a fatal disease to a treatable chronic one. Before the development of ART, the estimated median time from the appearance of an AIDS-defining condition to death was approximately 1.5 years. ART has extended this to 14 years—and even this figure may underestimate survival in patients using current drug regimens who strictly adhere to their treatment protocols.
    • Novel research pertaining to three cured patients treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation of CCR5Δ32/Δ32 donor cells resulting in lasting remission and viral elimination.

HIV and AIDS

Daniel R Kuritzkes, MD, FACP
    • The first HIV treatment breakthrough came in 1987, with the early termination of a clinical trial of zidovudine because of significantly ­decreased mortality in patients receiving the drug compared with patients receiving placebo. Unfortunately, in longer-term follow-up, therapeutic benefit diminished as a result of rapid development of HIV escape mutants that conferred resistance to zidovudine.
    • Fortunately, ART has fundamentally altered the grim prognosis for most HIV-infected patients and has transformed AIDS from a fatal disease to a treatable chronic one. Before the development of ART, the estimated median time from the appearance of an AIDS-defining condition to death was approximately 1.5 years. ART has extended this to 14 years—and even this figure may underestimate survival in patients using current drug regimens who strictly adhere to their treatment protocols.
    • Novel research pertaining to three cured patients treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation of CCR5Δ32/Δ32 donor cells resulting in lasting remission and viral elimination.

Acute Liver Failure

Constantine J Karvellas, MD, SM, FRCPC, R. Todd Stravitz, MD, FACP, FACG, FAASLD
    • Improved intensive care management of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) has decreased the incidence of cerebral edema/intracranial hypertension
    • High-volume plasma exchange improves overall survival in patients with ALF
    • Improved understanding of the abnormalities of global hemostasis in patients with ALF
    • Improved sanitation and mass vaccination has decreased the incidence of ALF due to hepatotrophic viruses
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