Studies have shown that among HIV-infected patients, involvement of infectious disease specialists reduces hospital costs and complications and results in better control of viral loads…. The current recommended treatment regimen for HIV-infected individuals includes a three-drug regimen of which two are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the other is either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, or a boosted protease inhibitor…. Blood transfusion has been associated with immunosuppression (transfusion-related immunomodulation), with the potential to further depress an already compromised immune system in a transplant recipient and resulting in infection or cancer recurrence.

• Presentation and etiology of upper extremity limb ischemia
• Detailed description of the treatment of chronic arm ischemia
• Endovascular advances in the treatment of acute and chronic arm ischemia

• Myxofibrosarcoma has characteristic infiltrative borders that can be seen as T₂ hyperintense “tails” on MRI and require a 2 cm clinical resection margin to minimize the incidence of positive margins.
• The entity formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma is now known as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and is considered a diagnosis of exclusion.
• Improved knowledge of risk factors for local and distant recurrence helps guide the use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy, as well as follow-up strategies.

• Development of effective immunotherapies hinges on addressing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to overcome immune tolerance.
• Immunotherapies aimed at reengaging the antitumor immune response have yielded encouraging preclinical and clinical results.
• Alternatively, neutralizing immunotherapies target inhibitory immune mechanisms within the cancer setting, resulting in impressive clinical responses.
• Novel combinatorial immunotherapy approaches hold great promise for establishing durable clinical responses.

• Bone disease in hyponatremia
• Therapeutic strategies to prevent overcorrection of hyponatremia
• Therapeutic relowering of the serum sodium for inadvertent overcorrection of hyponatremia
• Vasopressin antagonists in the treatment of hyponatremia

• Multimodality treatment including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy results in improved local recurrence and survival outcomes.
• Wide resection with 1 to 2 cm margin standard over amputation
• Multidisciplinary planning necessary for complex resections and reconstruction

• Checklist for brain death determination to minimize variability in the performance of brain death exam.
• Details on ancillary testing for brain death determination.
• Section on apnea testing while on ECMO.
• Communication tools for physicians discussing brain death with families.
• Practical tips on organ preservation for donation after brain death.

• Plasmapheresis techniques are reviewed, including centrifugation and membrane filtration methods.
• Selective apheresis procedures are discussed.
• Technical considerations are discussed for optimal plasmapheresis prescription.
• The present review discusses renal conditions for which plasmapheresis may be attempted with recommendations based on evidence from the literature.