- Spontaneous breathing trials remain the mainstay of assessing ventilator weaning and preparing for extubation.
- The use of high-flow nasal cannula following extubation may be more useful and successful than noninvasive ventilation in preventing reintubation.
- The use of a T-piece trial is no longer recommended.
- Timing of tracheostomy remains controversial.
- Dexmedetomidine is a newer sedative that may be useful in extubating patients with high sedation requirements but good pulmonary mechanics.
Latest Updates
- Update to pharmacologic options in multimodal analgesia
- Increasing use of epidural anesthesia
- Expansion of literature supporting regional nerve blocks and details on techniques
- Rise of opiate addiction crisis and information on best prescriber practices to minimize abuse
Distraction Osteogenesis in Plastic Surgery
- Distraction osteogenesis offers a unique opportunity to create new bone stock in areas of the craniofacial skeleton where bone is inadequate.
- The osteotomy site, vector, device selection, and timing are all important determinants of success in craniofacial distraction osteogenesis.
- Technological advances in both external and internal distraction devices allow for increased operative flexibility and creativity.
- 3D computer-aided design/manufacturing planning, increased device flexibility, and customized osteotomies allow for further tailoring of distraction osteogenesis to meet individual patient needs.
- Update to pharmacologic options in multimodal analgesia
- Increasing use of epidural anesthesia
- Expansion of literature supporting regional nerve blocks and details on techniques
- Rise of opiate addiction crisis and information on best prescriber practices to minimize abuse
- The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) was revised again in 2013 (ICHD-3 beta). The ICHD is organized hierarchically, with major headache groups denoted by an initial digit, headache types by a second digit, headache subtypes by a third digit, and, in some cases, headache subforms by a fourth digit. The level of detail needed depends on the context of the diagnosis; for clinical purposes, it is generally sufficient to code only to one or two digits, but more precise diagnoses are useful for research purposes.
Approach to the Patient with Glomerular Disease
- Serologic diagnosis of glomerular diseases (e.g., anti-GBM antibody, ANCA, anti-PLA2R antibody)
- Use of dysmorphic hematuria (by microscopy of urine sediment to detect glomerular disease
- Investigation of serum complement abnormalities as clues to underlying disease
- Improved analysis of renal biopsy material, leading to a more accurate diagnosis and/or prognosis
Infectious Diseases of the Esophagus
- Newer drugs such as isavuconazole offer alternatives for treatment of esophageal candidiasis.
- CMV esophagitis remains uncommon in immunocompetent hosts, and is a pathologic finding.
- HSV esophagitis often resolves spontaneously in immunocompetent hosts.
- The involvement of an infectious disease specialist is suggested in complicated cases.
- A new diagnosis of infectious esophagitis should trigger evaluation for HIV, malignancy, or other causes of immunosuppression.
Conservative Management of Male Stress Urinary Incontinence
- Review of clinical evaluation and diagnosis of male stress urinary incontinence with an emphasis on postprostatectomy incontinence
- Review of the pathophysiology and efficacy of pelvic floor physical therapy
- Review of injectable urethral bulking agents and the literature regarding their safety and efficacy
